L-5

Goal: This is the first lecture on the dynamics of disordered systems. We will explore how disorder in various systems induces pinning up to a critical threshold. Near this threshold, the dynamics become intermittent and are dominated by large reorganizations known as avalanches.

Pinning and Depinning of a Disordered Material

In earlier lectures, we discussed how disordered systems can become trapped in deep energy states, forming a glass. Today, we will examine how such systems can also be pinned and resist external deformation. This behavior arises because disorder creates a complex energy landscape with numerous features, including minima (of varying depth), maxima, and saddle points.

When an external force is applied, it tilts this multidimensional energy landscape in a specific direction. However, local minima remain stable until a finite critical threshold is reached. Two important dynamical phase transitions are induced by pinning

• The depinning transition: Interfaces pinned by impurities are ubiquitous and range from magnetic domain walls to crack fronts, from dislocations in crystals to vortices in superconductors. Above a critical force, interfaces depin, their motion becomes intermittent, and a Barkhausen noise is detected.

• The yielding transition: Everyday amorphous materials such as mayonnaise, toothpaste, or foams exhibit behavior intermediate between solid and liquid. They deform under small stress (like a solid) and flow under large stress (like a liquid). In between, we observe intermittent plastic events.

Depinning tranition: the equation of motion

In the following we focus on the depinning trasition.

At zero temperature and in the overdamped regime, where  

$\rho \partial _{t}^{2}+{\frac {1}{\mu }}\partial _{t}\approx {\frac {1}{\mu }}\partial _{t}$, the equation of motion for the interface is:

$\partial _{t}h(x,t)=\nabla ^{2}h+f+F(x,h(x,t)),\quad {\text{with}}\;F(x,h(x,t))=-{\frac {\delta V(x,h(x,t))}{\delta h(x,t)}}$

Here we set$\mu =1$, $f$ the external force and the disorder force is $F(x,h(x,t))$. Again we can consider a gaussian force of zero mean and correlations:

${\overline {F(x,h)F(x',h')}}=\delta ^{d}(x-x')\Delta (h-h')$

There are usually two kinds of disorder:

• (i) Random Bond (RB): If Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V(x,h)} is short-range correlated, the area below Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta(h)} is zero.
• (ii) Random Field: If $V(x,h)$ behaves like a Brownian motion along Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle h} , then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta(h)} is short-range correlated.

Velocity-Force Characteristics

We set to zero the temperature and consider the dynamics in the overdamped regime, where $\rho \partial _{t}^{2}+\eta \partial _{t}\approx \eta \partial _{t}$. In presence of an external force Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f } the equation of motion of the interface is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \partial_t h(x,t)= \nabla^2 h +f +F(x,h(x,t)), \quad \text{with} \; F(x,h(x,t))= - \frac{\delta V(x,h(x,t))}{\delta h(x,t)} }

The disorder force $F(x,h(x,t))$ is a stochastic function:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \overline{F(x,h) F(x',h')} =\delta^d(x-x') \Delta(h-h') }

There are usually two kind of disorder: (i) Random Bond (RB) if Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V(x,h)} is short range correlated. Hence, the area below $\Delta (h)$ is zero, (ii) Random field if Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle V(x,h)} is a Brownian motion along Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle h} .Hence, $\Delta (h)$ is short range corraleted.

• The velocity - force characteristics

• Existence of a unique critical force Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f_c } : no-passing rule.

• Large force behaviour shows that in the moving phase the long distance properties of the interface are described by Edwards-Wilkinson.

Scaling behaviour of the depinning transition

• The order parameter of the transition is the velocity of the center of mass of the interface. It is vanishing as

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle v_{CM} \sim |f-f_c|^\beta. }

• Two point correlation function:

${\overline {v(y+x,t)v(y,t)}}\sim {\frac {e^{-x/\xi (f)}}{|x|^{\kappa }}},\quad \xi (f)\sim |f-f_{c}|^{-\nu }$

• The interface is rough at Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f_c }

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u(bx) \sim b^{\zeta} u(x), \quad \hat u_{b q} \sim b^{\zeta-d} u_{q} }

${\overline {{\hat {u}}_{q}{\hat {u}}_{q'}}}=\delta ^{d}(q+q')S(q),\quad S(q)\sim {\frac {1}{|q|^{d+2\zeta }}}$

• The motion is intermittent with avalanches even below Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f_c } . Their size and duration is scale free up to a cut-off:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P(S) = S^{-\tau} f(S/S_\max), \quad S_\max \sim \xi(f)^{d+\zeta} \sim |f-f_c|^{-(d+\zeta)\nu} } $P(T)=T^{-\alpha }f(T/T_{\max }),\quad T_{\max }\sim \xi (f)^{z}\sim |f-f_{c}|^{-(z)\nu }$

|===scaling arguemnts=== |{| class="wikitable" |+ Depinning exponents |- ! Exponent  !! Observable !! Mean field !! d=1 |- | Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle z} || Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ell(t) \sim t^{z} } || 2 || $1.43\pm 0.01$ |- | Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \zeta} || Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle h(b x) \sim b^\zeta h(x)} ||0|| $1.25\pm 0.01$ |- | Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \nu} || Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \xi(f) \sim |f-f_c|^{-\nu}} ||1/2 || $\nu ={\frac {1}{2-\zeta }}$ |- | Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \beta} || Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle v_{CM} \sim |f-f_c|^{\beta}} || 1 || $\beta =\nu (z-\zeta )$ |- | Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \tau} || Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P(S) \sim S^{-\tau}} || 3/2 || $\tau =2-{\frac {2}{d+\zeta }}$ |}

Cellular Automata

We introduce a discrete version of the continuous equation of motion of the interface. These cellular automata share the same universality class of the original model, are very convenient for numerical studies and can be solved in the mean field limit. For simplicity we discuss the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d=1} case.

The first step is the disretization along the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x} direction. The line is now a collection of $L$ blocks connected by springs. The spring constant is set equal to one. Hence the velocity of each block is

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle v_i(t) =\partial_t h_i(t)= \frac12 (h_{i+1}(t)+h_{i-1}(t) -2 h_i(t)) + f +F_i(h_i(t)), }

To study avalanches below threshold, one as to trigger them at constant force, which is not very convenient. It is useful to replace the external force with a parabolic potential Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{m^2}{2}(w-h_i(t))^2} , here Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m^2} is the spring constant, try to bring each block at the equilibrium position Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle w} . The velocity of each block becomes

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle v_i(t) =\partial_t h_i(t)= h_{i+1}(t)+h_{i-1}(t) -2 h_i(t) + m^2(w-h_i(t)) +F_i(h_i(t)), }

Note that in a stable configuration, where all the velocity are zero, the force acting on the line per unit length is Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m^2(w-h_{CM}(t))} . Increasing Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle w } the force slowly increases if Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle h_{CM} } doest not move. When an avalanche occurs the force decreses.

Finally, the most important step is to introduce the narrow-well approximation for the disorder. We imagine that along Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle h_i} impurities act as pinning center that trap the block around their position until a local threshold $\sigma _{i}^{th}$ is reached. In this limit the local velocities are zero when the block is trapped and quickly move to the next impurity once the threshold is overcome. The obteained cellular automata can be described by the following algorithm:

• Drive: Increasing $w$ each point of the interface is pulled with a slowly increasing force or stress:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sigma_i= \frac 1 2 (h_{i+1}+h_{i-1} -2 h_i) + m^2(w-h_i) }

.

• Instability: An instability occurs when Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sigma_i } reaches its Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sigma_i^{th}} . Hence the point moves to the next well

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{cases} \sigma_i=\sigma_i -\Delta \quad \text{stress drop}\\ \\ \sigma_{i\pm 1}=\sigma_{i\pm 1} +\frac{1}{2} \frac{\Delta}{1+m^2} \quad \text{stress redistribution}\\ \end{cases} }

Note that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \Delta} is a positive random variable drwan from Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle g(\Delta)} .

• Avalanche: The two neighbours can be unstable... An avalanche can start...