T-7

Goal: the goal of this set of problems is to derive an estimate for the transition point for the Anderson model on the Bethe lattice.
Techniques: cavity method, stability analysis.

A criterion for localization

• Green functions and self-energies. Given a lattice with $N$ sites $a$, we call $|a\rangle$ the wave function completely localised in site $a$. The Anderson model has Hamiltonian

  $H=W\sum _{a}\epsilon _{a}|a\rangle \langle a|+\sum _{<a,b>}V_{ab}\left(|a\rangle \langle b|+|b\rangle \langle a|\right)=H_{0}+V$

  where the local fields $\epsilon _{a}$ are random variables. We introduce the Green functions $G_{ab}(z)$ and the local self-energies $\sigma _{a}(z)$: these are functions of a complex variable belonging to the upper half of the complex plane, and are defined by [NOTA SU STILTJIES]

  $G_{ab}(z)=\langle a|{\frac {1}{z-H}}|b\rangle ,\quad \quad G_{aa}(z)=\langle a|{\frac {1}{z-H}}|a\rangle ={\frac {1}{z-\epsilon _{a}-\sigma _{a}(z)}}.$

  It is clear that when the kinetic term $V$ in the Hamiltonian vanishes, the local self-energies vanish; these quantities encode how much the energy levels $\epsilon _{a}$ are shifted by the presence of the kinetic term $V$. They are random functions, because the Hamiltonian contains randomness. They encode properties on the spectrum of the Hamiltonian; the local density of eigenvalues $\rho _{a,N}(E)$ for an Hamiltonian of size $N$ is in fact given by

  $\rho _{a,N}(E)=-{\frac {1}{\pi }}\lim _{\eta \to 0}\Im G_{aa}(E+i\eta )=\sum _{\alpha =1}^{N}|\langle E_{\alpha }|a\rangle |^{2}\delta (E-E_{\alpha }),$

  where $E_{\alpha }$ are the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian. [NOTA SU PLEMELJI]



• A criterion for localization. The local self-energies encode some information on whether localization occurs. More precisely, one can claim [CITE] that localization occurs whenever the imaginary part of $\sigma (E+i\eta )$ goes to zero when $\eta \to 0$. Given the randomness, this criterion should however be formulated probabilistically. One has:

  $\lim _{\eta \to 0}\lim _{N\to \infty }\mathbb {P} \left(-\Im \sigma _{a}(E+i\eta )>0\right)=0\quad \Longrightarrow \quad {\text{Localization}}$

Notice that
Y . - model on the be the lattice - self energy -criterion for localization - links to ergo breaking

Problem 7.1:

the cavity equation and the linearisation




Problem 7.2:

Check out: key concepts of this TD

References

• Bouchaud. Weak ergodicity breaking and aging in disordered systems [1]