L-9

Multifractality

In the last lecture we discussed that the eigenstates of the Anderson model can be localized, delocalized or multifractal. The idea is to look at the (generalized) IPR

$IPR(q)=\sum _{n}|\psi _{n}|^{2q}\sim L^{-\tau _{q}}$

The exponent $\tau _{q}$ is called multifractal exponent . Normalization imposes $\tau _{1}=0$ and the fact that the wave fuction is defined everywhere that $\tau _{0}=-d$. In general $\tau _{0}$ is the fractal dimension of the object we are considering and it is simply a geometrical property.

• Delocalized eigenstates

In this case, $|\psi _{n}|^{2}\approx L^{-d}$ for all the $L^{d}$ sites. This gives

$\tau _{q}^{\text{deloc}}=d(q-1)$

• Multifractal eigenstates.

This case correspond to more complex wave function for which we expect

$|\psi _{n}|^{2}\approx L^{-\alpha }\quad {\text{for}}\;L^{f(\alpha )}\;{\text{sites}}$

The exponent $\alpha$ is positive and $f(\alpha )$ is called multifractal spectrum . It is a convex function and its maximum is the fractal dimension of the object, in our case d. We can determine the relation between multifractal spectrum and exponent

$IPR(q)=\sum _{n}|\psi _{n}|^{2q}\sim \int d\alpha L^{-\alpha q}L^{f(\alpha )}$

for large L

$\tau (q)=\min _{\alpha }{\alpha q-f(\alpha )}$

This means that for $\alpha ^{*}(q)$ that verifies $f'(\alpha ^{*}(q))=q$ we have

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For a metal we have a simple spectrum. Indeed, all sites have $\alpha =d$, hence $f(\alpha =d)=d$ and $f(\alpha \neq d)=-\infty$. Then $\alpha ^{*}(q)=d$ becomes $q$ independent.

For a multifractal we have a smooth spectrum with a maximum at $\alpha _{0}$ with $f(\alpha _{0})=d$ and at $q=1$, $f'(\alpha _{1})=1$ and $f(\alpha _{1})=\alpha _{1}$.