TBan-I

Nei seguente esercizio useremo le notazioni della statistica dei valori estremi usate nel corso.

Exercise 3: number of states above the minimum

Definition of $n(x)$:Given a realization of the random energies $E_1,E_2,\dots ,E_M$, define

$n(x)=\mathrm{\#}\{i\mid E_{\min }<E_i<E_{\min }+x\}$

that is, the number of random variables lying above the minimum

$E_{\min }$

but less than

$E_{\min }+x$

. This is itself a random variable. We are interested in its mean value:

$\overline{n(x)}=\sum _{k=0}^{M-1}k\text{Prob}[n(x)=k]$

The Final goal is to show that for large 'M', when the extremes are described by the Gumbel distribution :

$\overline{n(x)}=e^{x/b_M}-1$

Step 1: Exact manipulations

$\text{Prob}[n(x)=k]=M(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{M-1}{k})\underset{-\mathrm{\infty }}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}dEp(E)[P(E+x)-P(E){]}^k[1-P(E+x){]}^{M-k-1}$

To compute $\overline{n(x)}$, you must sum over $k$. Use the identity

The starting point is the definition of the key quantity

$\text{Prob}[n(x)=k]=M(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{M-1}{k})\underset{-\mathrm{\infty }}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}dEp(E)[P(E+x)-P(E){]}^k{(1-P(E+x))}^{M-k-1}$

Use the following identity to sum over $k$:

$\sum _{k=0}^{M-1}k(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{M-1}{k})(A-B{)}^k{B}^{M-1-k}=(A-B)\frac{d}{dA}\sum _{k=0}^{M-1}(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{M-1}{k})(A-B{)}^k{B}^{M-1-k}=(M-1)(A-B)A^{M-2}$

to arrive at the form:

$\overline{n(x)}=M(M-1)\underset{-\mathrm{\infty }}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}dEp(E)[P(E+x)-P(E)](1-P(E){)}^{M-2}=M\underset{-\mathrm{\infty }}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}dE[P(E+x)-P(E)]\frac{d{Q}_{M-1}(E)}{dE}$

Step 2: the Gumbel limit So far, no approximations have been made. To proceed, we use $Q_{M-1}(E)\approx Q_M(E)$ and its asymptotics Gumbel form: